Is Dieting Causing Intrusive Food Thoughts

Is Dieting Causing Intrusive Food Thoughts Eating Disorders Diagnosis Print Is Your Diet Causing Intrusive Food Thoughts? By Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, CEDS facebook twitter linkedin Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, is a certified eating disorders expert and clinical psychologist who provides cognitive behavioral psychotherapy. Learn about our editorial policy Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, CEDS Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Rachel Goldman, PhD, FTOS on January 28, 2020 Rachel Goldman, PhD FTOS is a licensed psychologist, clinical assistant professor, speaker, wellness expert specializing in weight management and eating behaviors.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Rachel Goldman, PhD, FTOS on January 28, 2020 Zero Creatives / Image Source / Getty Images More in Eating Disorders Diagnosis Symptoms Treatment Awareness and Prevention Are you preoccupied with thoughts of food? You may not be eating enough. Yes, thats true! Even if you believe that you eat plenty, it may truly be that you are undereating. It is not uncommon for eating disorder treatment professionals to see individuals who are subsyndromal for eating disorders, meaning they don’t meet full criteria for an eating disorder but report an intense preoccupation with food that interferes with other activities. For example, Alice reported that thoughts about food kept her from being able to concentrate during meetings at work. There are many such people out there who may not realize that they are not eating enough.   What’s going on here? The Five Basic Needs According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, all mammals have five basic needs for survival:  sleep, water, air, warmth, and food.  If any of these basic needs are not met, the mammal will eventually die.   These needs may be temporarily suppressed, but over time, when any one of these needs is not met, there is an increased drive to meet that need. The longer a need goes unmet, the harder it becomes to resist satisfying the need, and several things predictably happen:   One’s attention becomes increasingly focused on meeting the need;It becomes hard to concentrate on anything else;A powerful craving to meet the need is experienced;One becomes increasingly irritable and unhappy; andWhen the need is finally met, larger than the normal amount is needed to make up for the deprivation. What Are Maslows 5 Needs? Consider what happens when you are sleep-deprived. If you stay up very late for several nights in a row, by the end of the week, you probably are irritable, have trouble concentrating, and when you finally do sleep, you sleep longer than on a typical night. To demonstrate how this relates to food and dieting, Kathy Kater, LICSW,  author of Healthy Bodies:  Teaching Kids What They Need to Know, a health curriculum, provides a lesson plan in which she encourages students to try an “air diet.” The students are given a drinking straw and asked to breathe in and out through the straw, plugging their noses, while listening to a story that is a minute or so long. Typically the students find it hard to concentrate on the story as the air restriction begins. They become increasingly preoccupied and anxious about getting sufficient air. When they are finally allowed to breathe normally, they gasp, gulp, and take in larger than usual amounts of air. So how does this play out with food? When a person diets, they usually become preoccupied with eating and start to experience intrusive thoughts about food, making it hard to concentrate on other things. This is the primal drive trying to ensure survival. When needs are met, preoccupations with that need subside. People on diets may also become increasingly irritable just like people who are sleep-deprived.   How Food Influences Mood However, contrary to much advice to dieters, dietary restriction is not a normal state for humansâ€"or even sustainable. In her book Secrets From the Eating Lab, Tracy Mann, Ph.D. reports that laboratory studies confirm that dieters show cognitive deficits. “Focusing extensively on food and eating (and sometimes also concerns about your weight) steals valuable attention from other activities, and the more preoccupying food thoughts dieters have, the more difficulty they experience thinking about other things and handling other cognitive tasks.” People on a diet dont necessarily have an eating disorder, but they can still have a preoccupation with food that significantly interferes with functioning. If this describes you and you are willing to explore an alternative approach, a good book to read is Intuitive Eating by Evelyn Tribole, MS, RD, and Elyse Resch, MS, RDN. Intuitive eating  is a nutrition philosophy based on becoming attuned to the bodys natural hunger signals rather than external guidelines. According to the book, many people who think they are eating carefully are actually dieting. Diet culture is so pervasive that many people have adopted rules about eating that prevent them from eating enough. Through 10 principles, the authors of Intuitive Eating guide readers to give up dieting and learn to honor their hunger.   If you find that you are preoccupied with thoughts about food, you might want to complete food records for a week and then review them. Reflect on your eating patterns and experiment with increasing your intake by satisfying your hunger and see if your preoccupation changes. If the preoccupation does not improve with this intervention, please seek help from a professional.   A Guide to Intuitive Eating

Effective Leadership Of Public Health - 1967 Words

Introduction Effective Leadership in Public health Leadership in health is all about the competency of the leader that involves cultivating an environment in which all the providers and consumers can contribute to their full potential for any health activity in such that the consumers know what is available and what best possible they can achieve and the providers to support the consumers in the best way possible to get the necessary information and cure if required in regards to public health sector (Andrew Garmen, 2006). For this requires effective public health leader who is there within the community to make them realise what is available and what is required so as to be able to advocate for services that are unavailable but required (Koh, 2009). The 21st century with various emerging health related problems there is widespread recognition that the challenges posed by obesity, alcohol, smoking, climate change issues etc requires solution from public health approaches where the role of leadership remains intact in tackling the pu blic health challenges of the 21st century (Pittman, 2013). This would need a leader as such who is a combination of administrative excellence with strong sense of professional welfare and builds enduring greatness through a paradoxical blend of personal humility and professional will for awareness rising to encourage and to initiate public health activities (Day et al., 2012). Leaders of public health can directly or indirectly impact theShow MoreRelatedHealth Care Authority ( Hca )1233 Words   |  5 Pagesstudy focuses on the similar issue that the Basic Health (BH) had to face in order to continue its program in providing health coverage to low-income families. 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The history shows that there were huge health differences between the Maoris and non-Maoris, which were due to socioeconomic and lifestyleRead MoreMy Experience At The Public Health Leadership984 Words   |  4 PagesReflection This paper discusses my experiences after attending the Public Health Leadership subject in 2015, reflecting on important lessons learnt, the relevance to my work and the support required for my improvement. When I enrolled in this subject, I was not sure that I will get the best out of the subject considering my experiences with many leadership courses where the presenters have focused on theories of leadership skills without giving practical insights. However, at the end of this subjectRead MoreThe Role Of Effective Leadership And Effective Communication1192 Words   |  5 PagesImproving health care organization means changing ineffective management into effective systems that are patient-centered, cost-effective, and so forth. This requires culture change, and the first change will be with leaders throughout the organization. Effective leadership is essential to the success of every organization. An effective leader clarifies: (a) the organization’s goals to his/her employees, (b) the practical values that are important for achieving those goals, (c) the basis for ethicalRead MoreEssay on The Objectives and Roles of the World Health Organization1596 Words   |  7 Pages Based on WHO:s health agenda, the main targets are developing promoting, health security, strengthening health systems, generating research, information and evidence, enhancing partnerships and improving WHO:s performance (WHO 2013) . In our country we have our own health policy, Health 2015 (STM 2001) , which is a long-term health policy programme, based on the WHO:s new Global Health on the 21-program and principle of health in all policies. It is purposed to improve health and functional capacityRead MoreOutline for Health Information Mgmt Essay1109 Words   |  5 PagesHealth Information Management Coll148 April 7, 2013 Michael Dufresne DeVry University I. Introduction A. To be a good leader you need the desire, willpower and then go through the never ending process of training, education and learning from experience.(Clark 2004) B. Lauren Thompson-Director of Federal Health Architecture at Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology C. Brief introduction of the leader you have chosen- The leader I chose is Lauren Thompson

The Ideology Of Planned Parenthood - 1263 Words

The Ideology of Planned Parenthood Prolife or prochoice? This is the debate that seems ongoing for as long as I can remember yet seems to have risen in intensity over the years. We have more recently seen things in the news about defunding Planned Parenthood and there always seems to be protestors on the streets no matter where you go screaming at you their point of view. This essay will focus around the ideology of Planned Parenthood as an organization. Why would people dislike an organization so open to the idea of a human’s right to choose what happens in their own body? I would like to look at both viewpoints of this argument because even though I have my own beliefs I have always been very intrigued in others as well. While I could easily write a paper simply on prolife or prochoice I want to go deeper than that into this well known, and well-argued topic. I will mainly focus on the defunding argument of the organization as well as what they stand for as a whole and what will happen if they no longer exist. The most recent debate to hit the news has been the defund Planned Parenthood vote done by the House of Representatives which passed by a close vote of 240-189. Although passed it did go on to be vetoed later on down the path to it becoming a true thing. In the mind of the people who thought it was best not only was there the usual argument of it’s a life but we also got a new side of the argument, tax dollars. According to statistics Planned Parenthood gainedShow MoreRelatedThe Article â€Å"Editorial Defunding Planned Parenthood Hurts1642 Words   |  7 Pagesarticle â€Å"Editorial Defunding Planned Parenthood hurts the healthcare system,† states that Republicans, who dominate control in Congress, prioritize to defund Planned Parenthood. This proposal has been proposed previously, but it has not been able to surpass Obama’s veto. Since this is no longer the case, Republicans are now taking action to remove all federal funding such as Medicaid reimbursements. The proposed removal of funds is due to the fact that Planned Parenthood is associated with abortionsRead MoreThe Debate Over Abortion On Abortion Essay1682 Words   |  7 PagesSo long as political debate has existed in America, there has been a strong tension between the ideologies of conservatism and liberalism. While there are numerous differences between the two ideologies, the core of each is expressed clearly through the modern debate of abortion. The vision, ideals, and assumptions of each ideology can be identified through the way in which each ideology argues its position on abortion. The debate over abortion has been taking place since the 19th century. AbortionsRead MoreThe Parenthood Act Of 2015 Essay965 Words   |  4 PagesBill H.R.3134 Defund Planned Parenthood Act of 2015 was introduced by Rep. Diane Black (R-TN-6) in the House. This bill calls to call to prohibit for a year the availability of federal funds for Planned Parenthood, and it was passed in the House, but failed to do so in the Senate. Remarkably, Steve King (R-IA-4) voted present, and Charlie Dent (R-PA-15), Robert Dold (R-IL10), and Richard Hanna (R-NY-22), all Republicans voted against the bill. On the other hand, only 2 members of the DemocraticRead MoreReligion Of The World : Is It Worth It About These Fields That Lend Themselves?1435 Words   |  6 Pagespage in length. 4) There have been a number of violent acts perpetrated by white Christian males in the United States, such as this past weekend shooting at a Planned Parenthood health clinic (http://www.cnn.com/2015/11/29/us/colorado-planned-parenthood-shooting/index.html; http://www.foxnews.com/us/2015/11/29/lynch-calls-planned-parenthood-shooting-crime-against-women/?intcmp=trending). Each of these reports, and many others, go out of their way to show that the violence is not â€Å"terrorism†. Do onlyRead MorePolitical Ideology Is More Or More An Outline Of A Voters Political Morals And Beliefs922 Words   |  4 PagesPolitical ideology is more or less an outline of a voters political morals and beliefs. Most Americans associate them self’s with a political ideology, Politicians associate with ideologies as well to better communicate with the voters and to get their vote. The two prime ideologies in America are conservatives and liberals. Conservatives want limited government when it comes to making fiscal and moral decisions, and big government when it comes to enforcing Christian values such as denying equalRead MoreMargaret Sanger s A Moral Necessity For Birth Control1531 Words   |  7 PagesMotherhood Protection League, which became Planned Parenthood. Nearly a decade later in 1937, Margaret Sanger was praised by the American Medical Association for advocating the advance in scientific information and health care. Birth control was accepted as â€Å"an essential health service† for the first time in American history (Planned Parenthood). Research done by Margaret Sanger and Planned Parenthood to create oral contraceptives emerged in 1950 (Planned Parenthood). In the Griswold v. Connecticut trialRead MoreAbortion In The United States Is A Major Topic Of Debate1218 Words   |  5 Pagesability to terminate their pregnancies as they face legislature that is making it increasingly harder to do so in the United States. The events surrounding the Roe vs. Wade decision of 1973, its causes and effects, were sparked by differences in ideologies and views about how abortion should be handled by the government. The issue of abortion presents a conflict between the basic ideals of liberalism and conservatism. By looking at the history of abortion and the writings of liberal and conservativeRead MoreMargaret Sangers A Moral Necessity For Birth Control1588 Words   |  7 PagesMotherhood Protection League, which became Planned Parenthood. Nearly a decade later in 1937, Margaret Sanger was praised by the American Medical Association for advocating the advance in scientific information and health care. Birth control was accepted as â€Å"an essential health service† for the first time in American history (Planned Parenthood). Research done by Margaret Sanger and Planned Parenthood to create oral contraceptives emerged in 1950 (Planned Parenthood). In the Griswold v. Connecticut trialRead MoreReligion : Believers And Non Believers953 Words   |  4 Pagestheir religions, they follow whatever doctrine they are made to believe. Still, other people believe God is personally telling them to take actions that impact society. For example, Robert Dear was the perpetrator of the mass shooting at a Planned Parenthood clinic in Charleston, South Carolina. â€Å"Mr. Dear, who is 57, had praised people who attacked abortion providers, saying they were doing ‘God’s work’† (Fausset). Dear made the decision to stage his attack for at least two reasons that are groundedRead MoreThe Issue That Donald Trump And Hillary Clinton Disagree On Is Abortion1001 Words   |  5 Pagesaffront to good governance at best† (Trump). He believes that â€Å"life is the most fundamental right.† Donald Trump actively opposes Planned Parenthood and disapproves of using government funds to pay for abortions. He is opposed to abortion except for rape, incest, and in cases where the life of the mother may be compromised. He would like to defund Planned Parenthood and make abortions illegal at 20 weeks unless the life of the woman is in danger by signing into law the Pain-Capable Unborn Child

Sensory Preception Free Essays

In my option I believe that one can trust the human senses to give us an accurate view of the world. My reason for believing this is because everything that we think are perceived starts with our thinking and senses. We have five senses, Taste, sight, smell, touch and hear, and with these sense we are able to function in this world. We will write a custom essay sample on Sensory Preception or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to the reading most of our thinking is sensory interactive: after all our brain is enfleshed in our senses, therefore sometime our senses can be accurate and sometimes they can be inaccurate. The accuracy of my senses can be on point when things are clear and there is nothing clouding my thinking, example when I have had a good day and there have been no distractions then things make sense. On the other hand the daily concerns which are presented in general may cause my sense to be altered therefore things that would make sense are distorted and challenged. Our sensual perception (using sight as an example) can deceive our brain in three major ways: limited biologically, we see the superficial; corralled by custom, we see the habitual; and blinded by language, we see the general. Provide at least three reasons for believing in the accuracy or inaccuracy of sensory data information. My reasons for believing in the accuracy of sensory data are as follows. 1. Smell would be one sense of accuracy that I believe in, because we use this to let us know when, some things such as the environment that we are in is okay, for instance if we are in our homes, or at work and the smoke detector goes off then we would examine our surrounds to see if all is well, if not we would, leave because our smell of smoke and hearing of the alarm tells us that there may be a fire. . Our hearing is another powerful tool that we are blessed to have it’s our most vital sense. It’s crucial in communication, and is interactive with our thinking. Our hearing opens up the wonders of the world and helps us to explore things that we would not otherwise be able to in bark upon. With our hearing we are able to recognize different sounds such as the winds blowing and the rain falling sounds such as music which has been proven to rage the beast in us. Example in the Bible 1 Samuel 16:23 and it came to pass, when the evil spirit from God was upon Saul, that David took a harp, and played with his hand: so Saul was refreshed, and was well, and the evil spirit departed from him. King James Bible (Cambridge Ed. ) All of which has come about because of our hearing. 3. The power of touch is also a great sensory perception that we have as a part of our make up in the human body. It allows us to fell what is cold and hot, smooth are rough. If one becomes blind, the sense of touch becomes the most power tool that the person has, it’s through the touch of the hand the one can read words, or determine the difference between a bottle and a cup, or the shape of one’s eyes or noise or lips. Touch allows us to take caution of heat that may be on a stove or a fireplace for fear that we might get burned. Again because of the accuracy of our perception we can perceive such things as this. How to cite Sensory Preception, Papers

Why Iq Tests Dont Test Intelligence Essays - Psychometrics

Why Iq Tests Don't Test Intelligence Why IQ tests don't test intelligence The task of trying to quantify a person's intelligence has been a goal of psychologists since before the beginning of this century. The Binet-Simon scales were first proposed in 1905 in Paris, France and various sorts of tests have been evolving ever since. One of the important questions that always comes up regarding these tools is what are the tests really measuring? Are they measuring a person's intelligence? Their ability to perform well on standardized tests? Or just some arbitrary quantity of the person's IQ? When examining the situations around which these tests are given and the content of the tests themselves, it becomes apparent that however useful the tests may be for standardizing a group's intellectual ability, they are not a good indicator of intelligence. To issue a truly standardized test, the testing environment should be the same for everyone involved. If anything has been learned from the psychology of perception, it is clear that a person's environment has a great deal to do with their cognitive abilities. Is the light flickering? Is the paint on the walls an unsettling shade? Is the temperature too hot or too cold? Is the chair uncomfortable? Or in the worst case, do they have an illness that day? To test a person's mind, it is necessary to utilize their body in the process. If everyone's body is placed in different conditions during the testing, how is it expected to get standardized results across all the subjects? Because of this assumption that everyone will perform equally independent of their environment, intelligence test scores are skewed and cannot be viewed as standardized, and definitely not as an example of a person's intelligence. It is obvious that a person's intelligence stems from a variety of traits. A few of these that are often tested are reading comprehension, vocabulary, and spatial relations. But this is not all that goes into it. What about physical intelligence, conversational intelligence, social intelligence, survival intelligence, and the slew of others that go into everyday life? Why are these important traits not figured into intelligence tests? Granted, normal standardized tests certainly get predictable results where academics are concerned, but they should not be considered good indicators of general intelligence because of the glaring omissions they make in the testing process. To really gauge a person's intelligence, it would be necessary to put them through a rigorous set of real-life trials and document their performance. Otherwise the standardized IQ tests of today are testing an extremely limited quality of a person's character that can hardly be referred to as intelligence. For the sake of brevity, I will quickly mention a few other common criticisms of modern IQ tests. They have no way to compensate for cultural differences. People use different methods to solve problems. People's reading strategies differ. Speed is not always the best way to tackle a problem. There is often too much emphasis placed on vocabulary. Each of these points warrants individual treatment, and for more information refer to The Triarchic Mind by RJ Sternberg (Penguin Books, 1988, p18-36). It is possible to classify all the reasons that IQ tests fail at their task into two main groups. The first grouping is where the tests assume too much. Examples of this flaw are the assumption that speed is always good, vocabulary is a good indicator of intelligence, and that different test taking environments won't affect the outcome. The second grouping comes because the tests gauge the wrong items. Examples of this are different culture groups being asked to take the same tests as everyone else, and the fact that the tests ignore so many types of intelligence (like physical, social, etc). These two groupings illustrate where the major failings of popular IQ tests occur and can be used as tools for judging others. IQ tests are not good indicators for a person's overall intelligence, but as their use has shown, they are extremely helpful in making predictions about how a person will perform in an academic setting. Perhaps the problem comes in the name intelligence tests when it is obvious this is not what they really are. The modern IQ test definitely has its applications in today's society but should be be used to quantify a person's overall intelligence by any means.

The forgotten group memeber case Essay Example

The forgotten group memeber case Essay Example The forgotten group memeber case Essay The forgotten group memeber case Essay Essay Topic: Sociology The facilitator, Christine, is assumed to embrace the same roles and adhere to the equivalent theories defined for a leader. Also, it is believed that the principles taught within Professor Rasmussens Organizational Behaviour class are consistent with those discussed by Dr. Keeping. The outcomes associated with the alternative solutions are based upon the likelihood of their interpretations within the group meeting corresponding with our interpretations of the theories utilized and are not explicitly applied with certainty. Statement of the Problem Due to lack of: clearly defined team roles, demonstrated leadership qualities, effort by all members and acknowledgment of communication barriers, conflict was imminent within the group. Immediate problems to be addressed by all members of the group include Janets feelings of exclusion from the group and Christines lack of insight into the apparent causes of Janets loss of motivation to be a group member. Professor Rasmussen must decide whether to resolve the feelings of inequality between the group members and if delegating a further assignment to Janet is appropriate. Analysis of the Problem As stated in the course outline received by all students at the commencement of the term, group work is considered to be the primary medium through which applying the theories learned in class is to be implemented. Causes of animosity within the group may be attributed to group dynamics, norm formation, leadership inefficiencies, perceptions, conscientiousness and communication barriers. As explained by Professor Rasmussen during the second class, all groups undergo four stages of interaction: forming, norming, storming and performing1. These four phases are also referred to as mutual acceptance, communication and decision making, motivation and productivity and control and organization. Interaction amongst those who have had no previous relations together is facilitated through the first stage; where personal preferences and work schedules are exchanged, strengths and weaknesses made apparent and expectations clarified2. The first group meeting held was used to recognize these necessities. The second stage, where norms, goals and performance ideals are mutually established through discussion, should not occur without careful consideration and input by all members. The formation of the group failed to fully complete this stage however, allowing the ambiguous actions of members to be perceived incongruently. Norms are behaviours that social groups deem proper when interacting, so that actions may be consistent and activities made predictable3. To be effective, all must clearly understand and adhere to these expectations for there to be cohesiveness. At the commencement of the semester, Professor Rasmussen defined his norms for the groups and required all students to sign a contract, indicating that all expectations have been acknowledged. Unfortunately, within Christines group, not all members abided by the norms. One member in particular, Janet, failed to fulfill the contract to its fullest extent, however, one should not fault the lack of cohesiveness strictly to Janet. The group accepted the norms delivered by Professor Rasmussen but did not redefine or set out norms to be suitable for them selves. Nor was the contract or its contents reviewed during the group meetings. Therefore, it may be inferred that the group failed to establish strict rules or guidelines, causing the situation they are presently in. Christine, as facilitator, should have ensured that the norms were set as they are a vital aspect of a successful group4. Christines style of leadership throughout this situation may be described using the theory of Leader-Member Exchange. This theory focuses upon the unique relations between a leader and their subordinates. Greater personality similarities contribute to closer relations, allowing for stronger bonds to be forged5. These strong personality connections cause the subordinate to be designated a member of the ingroup. The ingroup consists of those who receive special preferences such as inclusion within social activities that occur outside of the organization. Those subordinates who do not receive this special treatment are considered the outgroup members. As facilitator, Christine did not form a strong inter-personal relationship with Janet, her subordinate. As sole member of the outgroup, Janet did not satisfy the need to relate to her colleagues as defined by ERG; a theory first proposed by Clayton Alderfer that defines the needs of existence, relatedness and growth as essential to human motivation. The need of relatedness is the ability to identify with ones peers and establishing a sense of belongingness6. Janet was not able to experience the cohesiveness established through the extracurricular social interactions. The rest of the members were able to receive these benefits and become highly cohesive due to their designated statuses as members of the ingroup. Because Janet was excluded from the ingroup and was allocated to the outgroup, she was lead to encompass unmotivated behaviours. She was lead to feel unmotivated, as she was a victim of the fundamental attribution error principle. This theory states that one may have their preferences and ideals seen as the primary cause of their actions although situational attributions may be the proper cause7. Janet experienced this bias by the members of her group, as she chose to help her boyfriend with his project instead of meeting with the group at the designated time, as she previously agreed to. From her perspective, she did not intentionally choose to spend the allotted time with her boyfriend, however the group feels that her actions were a blatant attempt to avoid contributing further. This principle was also used by Janet, as she attributed Christines lack of social inclusion to the general dislike of her personality. Due to the diverse personality composition of the group, it is imperative that the leader manages the situation with care to ensure that conflicting ideals do not affect the groups cohesiveness. Stereotypes attributed amongst the members of the group lead to distrust as well as communication problems. A leader must recognize these issues and allocate the required time towards helping the group unify8. When Christine first met with her group, she made stereotypical assumptions about each individual based upon her first impressions and the brief biographies supplied to her. One may describe representativeness heuristics as a method in which a person evaluates others based on characteristics or previous occurrences9. Christine utilizes this principle when she assumes that Janet is unmotivated and uninterested with the group project; as she was late to the first meeting and mentioned all her free time was spent with her boyfriend. This causes the group to feel as though Janet does not want to work with them, which leads her to feel unwelcome. Although Janet has contributed her allotted portion of the assignment, Christine still holds negative feelings due to selective perception10; the ability to omit information, which does not correspond to, established beliefs. Despite the fact that Janet was a fully contributing member, the group continued to hold a negative bias due to her lack of social activity. Also, Mike had the tendency to put forth less effort than other group members, which is looked upon as free riding. A free rider is one who tries to maximize their outputs while minimizing their level of inputs11. Due to his lack of focus and recurring need to bring humour to all situations, Mike is seen as a fully contributing member because of his constant presence. Christines lack of leadership contributed to the differing ways in which each individual was treated, causing the group to have a lack of respect for her position. A persons conscientiousness defines the range of tasks they wish to sustain and the variety of activities in which they chose to involve themselves. A person who appears to focus on effectively completing a small number of goals is viewed as displaying high-conscientiousness. They value the characteristics being responsible, organized and self-disciplined. Anchored at the opposing end of the continuum are those whom are regarded as exhibiting low-conscientiousness. They apply themselves to a large number of responsibilities that often cause them to become overwhelmed by the volume and incapable of applying the effort required. People within this category tend to be careless, irresponsible and lack self-sufficiency12. In applying this theory to the case, it is apparent that Janet tends demonstrate characteristics consistent with a less-conscientious person. She is studying at a university, maintaining two jobs and is fully committed to a serious relationship. Therefore, Janets time is greatly consumed with a larger variety of activities than others within her peer group. This detracts from her performance in the group-case study. Communication is an essential element for coordinating efforts and sharing information within any interpersonal atmosphere13. Barriers to communication arose concerning Mikes free- riding tendencies and Janets failure to attend group meetings regularly due to Christines failure to fulfill the role of facilitator. Instead of avoiding the conflict, Christine should have resolved the issues as they became apparent, for they caused stronger concentration upon Janets individualized status.

A Beginners Guide to the Neolithic Period

A Beginner's Guide to the Neolithic Period The Neolithic period as a notion is based on an idea from the 19th century, when John Lubbock split Christian Thomsens Stone Age into the Old Stone Age (Paleolithic) and New Stone Age (Neolithic). In 1865, Lubbock distinguished the Neolithic as when polished or ground stone tools were first used but since Lubbocks day, the definition of Neolithic is a package of characteristics: groundstone tools, rectangular buildings, pottery, people living in settled villages and, most importantly, the production of food by developing a working relationship with animals and plants called domestication. Theories In archaeological history, there have been many different theories about how and why agriculture was invented and then adopted by others: the Oasis Theory, the Hilly Flanks Theory, and the Marginal Area or Periphery Theory are only the most well-known. In retrospect, it does seem odd that after two million years of hunting and gathering, people would suddenly start producing their own food. Some scholars even debate whether farming- a labor-intensive task which requires the active support of a community- was really a positive choice for hunter-gatherers. The remarkable changes that agriculture brought to people are what some scholars call the Neolithic Revolution. Most archaeologists today have abandoned the idea of one single overarching theory for the invention and cultural adoption of farming, because studies have shown that circumstances and processes varied from place to place. Some groups willingly embraced the stability of animal and plant tending while others fought to maintain their hunter-gatherer lifestyle for hundreds of years. Where The Neolithic, if you define it as the independent invention of agriculture, can be identified in several different places. The main hubs of plant and animal domestication are considered to include the Fertile Crescent and the adjacent hilly flanks of the Taurus and Zagros mountains; the Yellow and Yangtze river valleys of northern China; and central America, including parts of northern South America. Plants and animals domesticated in these heartlands were adopted by other peoples in adjacent regions, traded across continents, or brought to those people by migrations. However, there is increasing evidence that hunter-gatherer horticulture led to independent domestication of plants in other locations, such as Eastern North America. The Earliest Farmers The earliest domestications, animal and plant (that we know of), occurred some 12,000 years ago in southwest Asia and the Near East in the Fertile Crescent of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and the lower slopes of the Zagros and Taurus mountains adjacent to the Fertile Crescent. Sources and Further Information Bogucki P. 2008. EUROPE | Neolithic. In: Pearsall, DM, editor. Encyclopedia of Archaeology. New York: Academic Press. p 1175-1187.Hayden B. 1990. Nimrods, piscators, pluckers, and planters: The emergence of food production. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 9(1):31-69.Lee G-A, Crawford GW, Liu L, and Chen X. 2007. Plants and people from the Early Neolithic to Shang periods in North China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104(3):1087-1092.Pearsall DM. 2008. Plant domestication. In: Pearsall DM, editor. Encyclopedia of Archaeology. London: Elsevier Inc. p 1822-1842.Richard S. 2008. ASIA, WEST | Archaeology of the Near East: The Levant. In: Pearsall DM, editor. Encyclopedia of Archaeology. New York: Academic Press. p 834-848.Wenming Y. 2004. The Cradle of Eastern Civilization. pp. 49-75 in Chinese Archaeology in the Twentieth Century: New Perspectives on Chinas Past, Volume 1. Xiaoneng Yang, editor. Yale University Press, New Haven.Zeder MA. 2008. Domestication and e arly agriculture in the Mediterranean Basin: Origins, diffusion, and impact. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105(33):11597-11604. Zeder MA. 2012. The Broad Spectrum Revolution at 40: Resource diversity, intensification, and an alternative to optimal foraging explanations. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 31(3):241-264.Zeder MA. 2015. Core questions in domestication research. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112(11):3191-3198.Zeder MA, Emshwiller E, Smith BD, and Bradley DG. 2006. Documenting domestication: the intersection of genetics and archaeology. Trends in Genetics 22(3):139-155.